31.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source

Source code: Lib/tokenize.py

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The tokenize module provides a lexical scanner for Python source code, implemented in Python. The scanner in this module returns comments as tokens as well, making it useful for implementing “pretty-printers,” including colorizers for on-screen displays.

To simplify token stream handling, all Operators and Delimiters tokens are returned using the generic token.OP token type. The exact type can be determined by checking the second field (containing the actual token string matched) of the tuple returned from tokenize.generate_tokens() for the character sequence that identifies a specific operator token.

The primary entry point is a generator:

tokenize.generate_tokens(readline)

The generate_tokens() generator requires one argument, readline, which must be a callable object which provides the same interface as the readline() method of built-in file objects (see section File Objects). Each call to the function should return one line of input as a string. Alternately, readline may be a callable object that signals completion by raising StopIteration.

The generator produces 5-tuples with these members: the token type; the token string; a 2-tuple (srow, scol) of ints specifying the row and column where the token begins in the source; a 2-tuple (erow, ecol) of ints specifying the row and column where the token ends in the source; and the line on which the token was found. The line passed (the last tuple item) is the logical line; continuation lines are included.

New in version 2.2.

An older entry point is retained for backward compatibility:

tokenize.tokenize(readline[, tokeneater])

The tokenize() function accepts two parameters: one representing the input stream, and one providing an output mechanism for tokenize().

The first parameter, readline, must be a callable object which provides the same interface as the readline() method of built-in file objects (see section File Objects). Each call to the function should return one line of input as a string. Alternately, readline may be a callable object that signals completion by raising StopIteration.

Changed in version 2.5: Added StopIteration support.

The second parameter, tokeneater, must also be a callable object. It is called once for each token, with five arguments, corresponding to the tuples generated by generate_tokens().

All constants from the token module are also exported from tokenize, as are two additional token type values that might be passed to the tokeneater function by tokenize():

tokenize.COMMENT

Token value used to indicate a comment.

tokenize.NL

Token value used to indicate a non-terminating newline. The NEWLINE token indicates the end of a logical line of Python code; NL tokens are generated when a logical line of code is continued over multiple physical lines.

Another function is provided to reverse the tokenization process. This is useful for creating tools that tokenize a script, modify the token stream, and write back the modified script.

tokenize.untokenize(iterable)

Converts tokens back into Python source code. The iterable must return sequences with at least two elements, the token type and the token string. Any additional sequence elements are ignored.

The reconstructed script is returned as a single string. The result is guaranteed to tokenize back to match the input so that the conversion is lossless and round-trips are assured. The guarantee applies only to the token type and token string as the spacing between tokens (column positions) may change.

New in version 2.5.

exception tokenize.TokenError

Raised when either a docstring or expression that may be split over several lines is not completed anywhere in the file, for example:

"""Beginning of
docstring

or:

[1,
 2,
 3

Note that unclosed single-quoted strings do not cause an error to be raised. They are tokenized as ERRORTOKEN, followed by the tokenization of their contents.

Example of a script re-writer that transforms float literals into Decimal objects:

def decistmt(s):
    """Substitute Decimals for floats in a string of statements.

    >>> from decimal import Decimal
    >>> s = 'print +21.3e-5*-.1234/81.7'
    >>> decistmt(s)
    "print +Decimal ('21.3e-5')*-Decimal ('.1234')/Decimal ('81.7')"

    >>> exec(s)
    -3.21716034272e-007
    >>> exec(decistmt(s))
    -3.217160342717258261933904529E-7

    """
    result = []
    g = generate_tokens(StringIO(s).readline)   # tokenize the string
    for toknum, tokval, _, _, _  in g:
        if toknum == NUMBER and '.' in tokval:  # replace NUMBER tokens
            result.extend([
                (NAME, 'Decimal'),
                (OP, '('),
                (STRING, repr(tokval)),
                (OP, ')')
            ])
        else:
            result.append((toknum, tokval))
    return untokenize(result)